Classification of antiviral drugs according to mechanism of action. Classification of Antiviral drugs Antiviral drugs can be .
Classification of antiviral drugs according to mechanism of action Targeted Stages: Blood schizonticides and some liver stage activity. Converted by viral and cellualr enzymes to the triphosphate form 3. Figure 10. 3). Viruses are among the major pathogenic agents that cause number of serious diseases in Nov 27, 2022 · The viral epidemics and pandemics have stimulated the development of known and the discovery of novel antiviral agents. Aspirin Mechanism The main classification of antiviral drugsOct 18, 2024 Leave a message According to the mechanism of action of antiviral drugs, current antiviral drugs can be classified into the following categories: Moreover, we discuss about CAB and RPV chemical structure, mechanism of action, activity against drug-sensitive and resistant HIV and pharmacodynamics/ pharmacokinetics properties. The three major categories are: May 25, 2020 · Antiviral Drug (Part-02)= Classification & mechanism of Action of of Antiviral Drugs | Antivirals Mar 11, 2025 · This article explores the mechanism of action, classification, medicinal uses, and challenges related to antimicrobials. Their pathogenicity ranges from self-limiting conditions to severe, life-threatening diseases. ribavirin). Antibiotics- Compleate Classification - Free download as PDF File (. Acyclovir is a nucleoside analogue that acts by terminating viral DNA chain elongation. 1 and discussed May 29, 2020 · Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. A drug class is a group of medications with similar properties. Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. Antiviral Drugs | Classification of Antiviral Drugs | Mechanism & Site of Action of Antiviral Drugs Mechanism of Action: Acyclovir causes termination of the DNA chain during the viral replication process. The antiviral drugs are further classified based on their mechanisms of action, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors The mechanisms of action of antiviral medications can be categorized into several strategies: blocking viral entry, inhibiting genome replication, and preventing viral release. Feb 1, 2025 · In this classification, antiviral drugs are divided into seven distinct classes, each with unique mechanisms of action and associated challenges: neutralizing antibodies, recombinant human receptors (rhRs), antiviral CRISPR/Cas systems, interferons, antiviral peptides (APs), antiviral nucleic acid polymers, and antiviral small molecules (Fig. The antiviral agents available against viruses can be classified as: (a ) nucleoside analogs, (b ) non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors, (c ) protease Apr 9, 2024 · What are Antiviral Drugs? Antiviral drugs represent a category of therapeutic agents specifically designed to counteract viral infections. Antiviral drugs are a class of medicines particularly used for the treatment of viral infections. [2]. About a hundred mono- and combination antiviral drugs have been already approved, whereas thousands are in development. Some of them act by limiting the growth of bacteria and some of them act by killing the bacterial cell by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. May 1, 2025 · This chapter provides a systematic summary of antiviral agents, grouped by class and mechanism of action. Jan 1, 2002 · In the past decade, there has been a rapid progress in both understanding of antiviral therapy and the number of antiviral agents on the market. Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobials Antimicrobials act by targeting essential microbial structures or metabolic pathways while causing minimal harm to host (human) cells. Nov 17, 2025 · Understand the various antiviral drug classes, from entry inhibitors for HIV to neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza, and their mechanisms of action. 1. The main classes covered are nucleoside analogs, including purine and pyrimidine analogs like acyclovir and idoxuridine Nov 12, 2024 · MOA: The mechanism of action of foscarnet involves the inhibition of viral DNA synthesis by incorporating itself into viral DNA and preventing further synthesis. In this chapter, we summarize the categorization of antiviral medications according to their mode of action, which includes blocking the fusion processes of the viral and host cells, inhibiting the components of the viral cells, stopping viral reproduction, and inserting the viral genome into the host genome. Action mechanism of antiviral drugs consists of its transformation to triphosphate following the viral DNA synthesis Jan 1, 2016 · Aft er that, classification of anti -HIV drugs is discussed according to their mechanism of action. A drug class is a group of medications and other compounds that share similar chemical structures, act through the same mechanism of action (i. 1 Classification by Spectrum of Activity This document summarizes antiviral drugs used to treat various viral infections. Antiherpes virus agents :: Acyclovir cidofovir Ganciclovir Famciclovir Penciclovir Valacyclovir Idoxuridine Trifluridine Vidarbine Foscarnet Fomivirsen Docosanal Drug Class A group of drugs that share common properties, such as a similar mechanism of action, chemical structure, or approved use. Explore antiviral drugs, their mechanisms, and classifications. May 21, 2025 · These drugs are specific to the virus and generally have limited activity against other types. [4] Most antivirals do not cause much damage to the body, and can be used to treat infections. Apr 4, 2022 · Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances or medicines used to stop bacterial infections, either by killing the bacteria or by inhibiting or slowing down the growth of the bacteria. This unique characteristic makes the development of antiviral drugs particularly Mar 1, 2020 · Antiviral drugs can be classified according to their chemical nature (e. It also discusses how other drugs like Antiviral drugs have been developed since the late 1960s through a process involving discovery, preclinical testing, clinical trials, and regulatory approval. It highlights key antiviral medications such as acyclovir for herpes treatment and zidovudine as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV. Types of the organism which they are used A. The document also explores the use of Classification of Antiviral Drugs The antiviral compounds vary greatly in complexity and include nucleoside analogs, synthetic oligonucleotides, oligo-saccharides, and also natural products of plants and some inor-ganic and organic compounds. Thus, it causes cell death. 4 days ago · Discover what class of drugs are antivirals, how they target and inhibit viruses like HIV, influenza, and herpes, and their key differences from antibiotics. The triphosphate form inhibits: a. It discusses how viruses replicate inside host cells and highlights challenges in treating viral infections. e. Each class of antibacterial drugs has a unique mode of action (the way in which a drug affects microbes at the cellular level), and these are summarized in Figure 10. May 3, 2024 · Anti-viral drugs are a class of medications designed to treat viral infections by inhibiting the replication of viruses within the body. , small-molecules, peptides, biologics) or mechanisms of drug actions against specific viral proteins (e. 1 Acyclovir diphosphate is converted to acyclovir triphosphate by nucleoside diphosphate kinase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate Oct 23, 2024 · This article presents a detailed overview of antifungal drugs, their classification by chemical structure, mechanisms of action, side effects, and new developments in the field of fungal infection treatment. It delves into various classes of antiviral drugs, including protease inhibitors, integrase strand transfer inhibitors, and ccr5 antagonists, highlighting their specific targets, adverse effects, and drug interactions. It discusses how antiviral drugs work by inhibiting viral replication and preventing the virus from multiplying, rather than destroying the pathogen. This is the elaborate classification of these drugs according to their mechanism of action in a host against the pathogenic viruses. They are substances produced by a microorganism (wholly or partly by chemical synthesis). Each class targets a distinct viral family — such as DNA viruses (Herpes, Hepatitis B) or RNA viruses (Influenza, HIV, Hepatitis C) — through selective inhibition of viral enzymes or structural processes. Key drugs discussed include acyclovir for herpes viruses, ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus, oseltamivir Feb 1, 2025 · In this classification, antiviral drugs are divided into seven distinct classes, each with unique mechanisms of action and associated challenges: neutralizing antibodies, recombinant human receptors (rhRs), antiviral CRISPR/Cas systems, interferons, antiviral peptides (APs), antiviral nucleic acid polymers, and antiviral small molecules (Fig. Reverse transcriptase c Nov 27, 2022 · The viral epidemics and pandemics have stimulated the development of known and the discovery of novel antiviral agents. One way is by grouping drugs based on their therapeutic use or class, such as antiarrhythmic or diuretic drugs. , binding to the same biological target), have similar modes of action, and/or are used to treat similar diseases. DNA polymerase b. Antimicrobials can be classified as antibacterial May 31, 2020 · Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Nov 17, 2025 · Learn about the classification of antiviral drugs for influenza, including neuraminidase inhibitors, cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors, and M2 blockers, and their mechanisms of action. Attachment and entry inhibitors, uncoating inhibitors, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptas A comprehensive guide detailing Types of antibiotics, their classification, mechanism of action, spectrum, and common clinical uses. (USMLE topics) Viral life cycle and antiviral drug targets. Though, there are a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, many for influenza and some new antiviral drugs for treating hepatitis C infection and HIV. Resistance – due to alteration in target gene No cross resistance with other drug Reesistance to ethambutol emerges rapidly when the drug is used alone - combination with other antituberculous drugs Feb 27, 2025 · Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can cause infectious diseases. A systematized listing of drugs according to their primary actions, mechanisms, chemical nature, clinical uses and/ or other characterstics is the first step to learn about them. Understand how these medications combat viral infections by targeting different stages of the viral replication cycle. The document provides an overview of antiviral drugs, detailing their mechanisms, classifications, and clinical applications, particularly for treating infections like HIV and influenza. from publication: Changes of Gut-Microbiota-Liver Axis in Hepatitis C The article describes for the first time the wide classification of such antiviral drugs and drug candidates and briefly summarizes the biological target and clinical applications of the compounds. Study anti-herpes, anti-influenza, anti-hepatitis, and anti-retroviral drugs to enhance your knowledge. g. It separates antiviral drugs into categories for anti-herpes viruses, anti-influenza viruses, anti-hepatitis viruses, and anti-retroviruses. Here, we briefly reviewed 7 classes of antiviral agents: neu … Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Apr 27, 2022 · Anti-Influenza A&B Drugs (Inhibitors of Viral Packaging & Release) Zanamivir Trade Name: Relenza ® Drug Class: Antiviral, anti-influenza virus (A and B) Mechanism of Action: Inhibits influenza neuraminidase which blocks the cellular release of the virus particle Indications: There is another class of FDA-approved antiviral drugs, M2 inhibitors amantadine and rimantadine, also called the adamantanes, that have activity against flu A viruses. Additionally, it highlights the role of protease inhibitors in HIV maturation and the effects of other antiviral drugs like amantadine and ribavirin. Specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. Action mechanism of antiviral drugs consists of its transformation to triphosphate following the viral DNA synthesis Dec 24, 2022 · Antibiotics can also be classified into different categories depending on their mode of action and/or spectrum of activity. Many times drugs in the same class have the same mechanism of action. This review will address the understanding of microorganisms biological targets for antimicrobial medications by their mechanisms of action. Anti-viral agents inhibits active replication so the viral growth resumes after drug removal Antiviral therapy is challenging: We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The described compounds are arranged according to the antiviral mechanism of action. Drug Mechanism Classes There are different ways to group or classify drugs. On the other hand, antiretrovirals are drugs used to treat retrovirus infections, the most common of which is HIV. , polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, glycoprotein inhibitors). Common inhibitory actions of antiviral drugs. Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria; bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their growth or reproduction. Medications may be grouped by how they work, their chemical Nov 27, 2022 · The viral epidemics and pandemics have stimulated the development of known and the discovery of novel antiviral agents. Antiviral Drugs Table of Contents Viral Infections Influenza Viral Replication Steps Anti-herpes Drugs and related topics Acyclovir Mechanism of Action Selectivity Chemistry: Acyclovir and Valacyclovir Formulations IV Acyclovir in Treating Mucocutaneous Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections in HIV patients Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Treatment: Introduction Treatment of Genital Herpes Simplex Antiviral drugs can be classified as nucleoside or non-nucleoside drugs according to their sites of action in the viral replicative cycle (see Fig. We have excluded FDA-authorized drugs through the accelerated approval mechanism, and EMA conditionally approved drugs, both of which require further data in confirmatory trials demonstrating clinical benefit. Early antiviral drugs were discovered through random screening of chemicals and natural products. A drug classification is used to describe medications that are grouped together because of their similarities. Antiretroviral Drug Classification (KD Tripathi) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): Zidovudine, Didanosine, Stavudine, Lamivudine Feb 16, 2021 · Still no effective antiviral drugs are available for many viral infections. Some key classifications include beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and others. Approved antiretroviral (ARV) HIV drugs are divided into eight drug classes based on how each drug interferes with the HIV life cycle. About a hundred mono-and combination antiviral drugs have been already The mechanism of action of antiviral drugs is inactivating viruses, usually by inhibiting different stages of viral replication. Abstract The viral epidemics and pandemics have stimulated the development of known and the discovery of novel antiviral agents. Drug classifications help doctors use medicine safely and effectively. The following discussion will focus on key HIV enzymes and relevant steps in the HIV life cycle related to HIV antiretroviral therapy. Antiviral drugs target a diverse group of viruses, such as herpes, hepatitis, and influenza viruses. It focuses on several classes of antibiotics that act by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis. Antibacterial chemotherapy, the use of antibacterial drugs to treat bacterial infections B. They are not recommended for use in the United States for many years because of widespread antiviral resistance to this class of antivirals among circulating flu A viruses. Thus, available medicines distinctly target entry, replication or budding. This document discusses several antiviral drugs including acyclovir, ribavirin, and tromantadine hydrochloride. Jan 30, 2025 · A comprehensive overview of antiviral agents, focusing on their mechanisms of action, classification, and therapeutic applications. Nonselective antiviral drugs: Ribavirin, Lamivudine, Interferon alpha General Mechanism of Action of Nucleoside Analogues: 1. Classification of Antiviral Drugs According to Mechanism of Action Antiviral drugs are classified primarily based on the specific stage of the viral lifecycle they target. The development of antivirals has revolutionized the field of pharmacology, enabling healthcare professionals to effectively manage and treat a wide range of viral diseases. Mar 25, 2024 · Mode of action of antibiotics Antibiotics are used in medicine and agriculture to prevent bacterial infection. 4 There are several classes of antibacterial compounds that are typically classified based on their bacterial target. interferons). The major mechanisms include: 1. One way that bactericidal antibodies kill bacteria is by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Due to the rise in number and necessity for new antiviral drugs, this chapter focuses on information regarding viral pathophysiology, antiviral drugs, their mechanism of actions, and also new promising antivirals that are undergoing studies and that may become fruitful. Classification of Antibiotics There are several methods to classify antibiotics; however, common classifications include categorization by spectrum of activity and by mechanism of action. Analgesics Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Mechanism of Action Weak inhibitor of the synthesis of prostaglandins, Paracetamol also decreases prostaglandin concentrations in vivo. The mode of action of antibiotics is varied based on the types of antibiotics. It then further breaks down the classes of anti-retroviruses and lists specific drugs that fall into each class including nucleoside reverse transcriptase Feb 21, 2020 · To facilitate the drug discovery processes, we present a large-scale study of reference antibiotic challenge bacterial transcriptome profiles, which included 37 antibiotics across 6 mechanisms of actions (MOAs) and provide an economical approach to aid in antimicrobial dereplication in the discovery process. Taken up by cells 2. They do not eliminate the virus completely but prevent its replication, thus slowing disease progression and reducing transmission. Penetration and uncoating inhibitors: amantadine, rimantadine, enfuviride, maraviroc 2. Jun 19, 2025 · Introduction to Antivirals Antivirals are a crucial class of medications used to treat viral infections. Antifungal chemotherapy, the use of antifungal drugs to Antibiotics can be divided into two classes based on their mechanism of action. pdf), Text File (. Modern drug discovery utilizes rational drug design based on viral and host targets as well as high-throughput screening of large libraries The mechanism of action of such drugs is based on the following phenomena: Binding of interferons with specific receptors on the cell surface, thereby activating the production of proteins with antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory effects. It details various antiviral treatments for infections such as herpes, cytomegalovirus, influenza, and hepatitis, as well as antiretroviral drugs for HIV. Here, we Sep 9, 2025 · Master pharmacology with AI-generated drug cards, interactive topics, quizzes, and a competitive leaderboard. These drugs can ease symptoms and shorten the length of a viral infection. Two important factors that can limit the utility of antiviral drugs are toxicity and the development of resistance to the antiviral agent by the virus. Mar 16, 2021 · Still no effective antiviral drugs are available for many viral infections. This forms the second level of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system, following the anatomical classification. txt) or read online for free. Refer to any antiviral drugs PDF to understand the classification of an antiviral drug in detail. Here, we summarized the cutting-edge research in mechanism of action, inhibitory activity, and clinical efficacy of drugs that have been approved and drugs that are still in clinical trials for influenza treatment. Antifolate Drugs Examples: Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (Fansidar), Proguanil, Pyrimethamine Mechanism of Action: Antifolate drugs inhibit enzymes involved in folate synthesis, crucial for DNA synthesis and cell division in the parasite. Unlike antibiotics, which are effective against bacteria, antiviral drugs specifically target viruses and can be used to manage a variety of viral illnesses. Classification of antimicrobial agents Based on mechanism of action Based on therapeutic use/ organisms affected Based on spectrum of activity Based on type of action Mar 29, 2024 · Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop drugs related to the treatment of influenza to deal with the next pandemic. Viruses cause more diseases than any other group of parasites. Antiviral drugs can be classified according to their chemical nature (e. Additionally, it outlines the adverse Chemistry, mechanism of action, and antiviral activity Valacyclovir, is a prodrug of acyclovir (the l -valyl ester of acyclovir). They target different stages of the viral life cycle, from entry to replication and release. May 18, 2025 · What is Antiretrovirus Drug? Antiretroviral drugs are agents that inhibit various stages of the HIV life cycle. May 9, 2024 · Pharmacological classification of drugs in relation to pharmacognosy categorizes drugs based on their pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action, particularly focusing on bioactive compounds derived from natural sources such as plants, animals, and minerals. Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. There are more than 30 antiretroviral medications in six drug classes. In the case of drugs with more than one mechanism of action, the main one has been selected for our classification. Download scientific diagram | Classification of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) according to their mechanism of action [165]. 4 and Table 10. 1. 5 Acyclovir monophosphate is converted to the diphosphate form by guanylate kinase. This document provides an overview of antiviral drugs, including their mechanisms of action, viral replication stages, and various classifications. Severe This document classifies and describes the mechanisms of action of various antiviral drugs. Clin-ical evidence about these drugs and their pos-sible mechanisms of action are also discussed. The mental exercise to prescribe a drug for a patient starts with identifying the class of drugs to be prescribed and then selecting the specific member most appropriate for that patient according to its subclass According to the mechanism of action of antiviral drugs, current antiviral drugs can be divided into the following categories: [1] 1. 2. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the world of antivirals, their classification, mechanisms of action, and Antiviral drugs are crucial weapons against viral infections. Whereas some infections require monotherapy for brief periods of time (eg, HSV, influenza), others require multiple drug therapy for indefinite periods (HIV). Viruses, which are obligate intracellular parasites, are a predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, animals, and plants. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; their replication depends primarily on synthetic processes of the host cells. They can cause blindness, deafness, paralysis, mental retardation, various birth defects, and in at least a few plants and animals, cancer. The document discusses antibiotics, including their sources, roles, classification, and mechanisms of action. The viral epidemics and pandemics have stimulated the development of known and the discovery of novel antiviral agents. Increasingly, combinations of agents are being used to achieve synergistic inhibition of viruses, to delay resistance, and to decrease dosages of toxic drugs. Ribavirin has broad activity against RNA and DNA viruses by inhibiting viral A. This article explores the classification, mechanism, medical applications, and future advancements in Anti-Viral drugs Many antiviral drugs are Purine or Pyrimidine analogs Many antiviral drugs are Prodrugs. Anti-influenza virus: Amatidine, Rimantadine 4. Antimicrobial agents are chemicals or drugs used to destroy or inhibit the growth of these harmful microorganisms. It classifies antiviral drugs and describes their mechanisms of action, spectra, uses and limitations. The document further discusses various antiviral Nov 14, 2025 · Classification & mechanism of action of Antiviral drugs-PHARMACOLOGY | Pharma Thunder Storm #viral Jun 22, 2023 · Know all the details about the classification of drugs, their importance and the respective mode of action from this page here at Embibe Antiviral drugs share the common property of being virustatic; they are active only against replicating viruses and do not affect latent virus. These substances or drugs have different ways they act, called mechanism of action, through which they inhibit viral growth, replication or entry into their hosts cells. This classification system provides insights into the therapeutic uses, pharmacological properties, and biological targets of Our purpose in this report is to collect, summarize, and articulate all essential information about antiviral drugs that may or may not be efficient for treating COVID-19. May 19, 2025 · By targeting these biological processes, drugs can effectively treat infectious diseases caused by microorganisms. We also known them as antibacterial agents, because they act specifically against bacteria. This information can assist the prescriber in determining the expected therapeutic effect, a desired effect for treating a disease, and also possible adverse reactions, an undesired harmful effect resulting from Oct 4, 2025 · 2. . The document provides a comprehensive overview of antiviral drugs, including their classification based on viral replication steps, mechanism of action, clinical conditions, and specific drug examples. Existing small molecule directly acting antiviral drugs for influenza target four stages of the viral lifecycle, which are the M2 ion channel, fusion, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and neuraminidase [20]. 6. Classification of Antiviral Drugs Antiviral drugs are classified based on various factors including Antiviral drugs are a class of medicines particularly used for the treatment of viral infections. Several approved antivirals treat the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. [1][2] The FDA has long worked to classify and license new medications. May 27, 2020 · Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. They must be phosphorylated by viral or cellular enzymes in order to become active. Learn drug classifications, mechanisms, side effects, and more. Download Table | Classification of Antiviral Drugs from publication: Important Advances on Antiviral Profile of Chromone Derivatives | Chromones are chemically 4H-1-benzopyran-4-ones which Most of the classification systems include two primary categories, the first categorizing based on chemical structure and the second categorizing based on the mechanism of action. Viruses are among the major pathogenic agents that cause number of serious diseases in humans, animals and plants. Antimicrobial drugs can be classified based on their chemical structure, the type of organisms they are active against, their spectrum of activity, and their mechanism of action. Here, we briefly reviewed 7 classes of antiviral agents: neutralizing antibodies, neutralizing recombinant soluble human receptors, antiviral Antiviral drugs target different stages of the viral life cycle and can be classified as inhibitors of attachment/entry, nucleic acid synthesis, uncoating/assembly, or immunomodulators. This blog from Pharmacy Freak explains the classification, uses, drug of choice, side effects, and clinical pearls of non-retroviral antiviral drugs. Here, we briefly reviewed 7 classes of antiviral agents: neutralizing antibodies, neutralizing recombinant soluble human receptors, antiviral CRISPR/Cas It also categorizes various antiviral agents targeting herpes, retroviruses, and influenza, detailing their mechanisms of action. These mechanisms are schematically shown in Fig. Clinical pharmacology of non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: the particularities of the mechanism of action; pharmacological effects and clinical manifestations; indications and principles of selection, use and dosage; contraindications, adverse reactions - clinical Mechanism of Action of All Drugs This is a pretty comprehensive article that explains the mechanism of action of all commonly prescribed medications. Acyclovir can be administered either topically or systemically, depending on the infection. Each class of drug attacks HIV at a different stage of the HIV lifecycle. This document provides an overview of antiviral drugs, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and examples. Jan 6, 2025 · Master pharmacology with AI-generated drug cards, interactive topics, quizzes, and a competitive leaderboard. Examples include the Beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin derivatives (penams) ), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams The number of effective antiviral drugs is also limited, despite major differences in structure, because viruses utilize their host cells’ enzymes and ribosomes to metabolize and replicate. 2. DNA polymerase inhibitors: acyclovir, ganciclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir, foscarnet sodium 3. This document outlines different classes of antiviral drugs and their mechanisms of action. Antivirals also lower the risk of getting or spreading viruses that cause herpes and HIV. Viruses cause many disea … Oct 26, 2025 · Drugs are classified by their mechanism of action, chemical structure, and physiological effect. Antivirals Antiviral medications help your body fight off harmful viruses. It describes how penicillins and cephalosporins inhibit the final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls. Unlike bacteria, viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they require a host cell to replicate and propagate. Oct 1, 2025 · The review systematically categorizes the mechanisms of antiviral nanodrugs into a framework that integrates previously fragmented knowledge, and innovatively summarizes the unique attributes and advantages of antiviral nanodrugs compared to small-molecule drugs. Foscarnet is a structural mimic of the anion pyrophosphate and selectively inhibits the pyrophosphate binding site on viral DNA polymerases AE: Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and fever. Reverse transcriptase Aug 31, 2015 · Understanding of classification also help to understand the mechanism adopted by microbes for becoming resistant. Dec 14, 2023 · Therapeutic Classification of Drugs The therapeutic classification of drugs groups medications based on their intended effects and the conditions they treat. Some drugs are naturally occurring molecules (e. Mechanism of Action Classification Antibiotics can be categorised according to their mechanism of action, which is a mode of inhibition of bacterial growth. Mechanism of action Acyclovir is becomes acyclovir monophosphate due to the action of viral thymidine kinase. Classification of Antiviral drugs Antiviral drugs can be Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. The major mechanisms of action are as follows: Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors: These antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Jan 27, 2025 · CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS ACCORDING TO VIRUS SPECIFIC ACTION :: 1. Valacyclovir is rapidly metabolized into acyclovir and valine by the enzyme valacyclovir hydrolase (esterase) found in the brush border of the gastrointestinal tract, and the liver. Aug 10, 2010 · 3. Antiviral drugs are a type of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also called antibacterial), antifungal and antiparasitic drugs, [3] or antiviral drugs based on monoclonal antibodies. Each kind of antiviral drug inhibits virus reproduction in a different way, targeting individual or many viruses. Learn about the different types of antivirals and how they combat viral infections. Some of the currently available drugs have more than one site of action (e. Jan 4, 2021 · Antibacterial drugs can act by well-established mechanisms of action, including the inhibition of metabolism (sulfonamides and trimethoprim), the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis (β-lactams Mar 16, 2021 · Still no effective antiviral drugs are available for many viral infections. How the use of antimicrobials is different? PK-PD optimization concepts ‘Syndrome – Organism – Antibiotic’ Classification of agents based on Mechanism of Action Comments on each Class of Antibiotic Conclusion Antimicrobials, Antibiotics, Anti-bacterial agents Antiseptics Feb 3, 2025 · HIV Life Cycle and Antiretroviral Drug Targets Understanding the basic HIV life cycle is the foundation for understanding the mechanism of action of the different classes of antiretroviral medications. The available antivirals function using several mechanisms of action that include inhibition of viral penetration, uncoating, nucleic acid synthesis, integration of viral DNA into host genome, maturation, and exit from host cells. The document classifies anti-microbial drugs according to their mechanism of action in 7 categories: 1) Those that inhibit cell wall synthesis like penicillin and cephalosporins. Action mechanism of antiviral drugs consists of its transformation to triphosphate following the viral DNA synthesis Apr 20, 2025 · Learn the classification of antibacterial drugs , mechanism, and clinical uses of antibacterial drugs. It outlines their mechanisms of action, classifications, structures, and therapeutic uses for treating various viruses. Antivirals that inhibit viruses other than HIV are presented in Table 6. , polymerase 11. It categorizes antiviral drugs for treating herpes viruses, influenza viruses, hepatitis viruses, and retroviruses. Drugs targeting the RdRp can be further differentiated according to their specific mechanism of action as Recent molecular biological approaches have greatly helped to understand the mechanism of action in this paper by emphasizing the classification of antibiotics and molecular senses and Reiterates optimal use of antibiotics. Classification of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs according to selectivity and duration of action. Antiviral agents can be used for prophylaxis, suppression, preemptive therapy, or treatment of overt disease. Aug 10, 2022 · Understanding the history, mechanisms, classes, and subtypes of antivirals may help inform the development and distribution of such drugs. Understanding their mechanisms helps us develop better treatments and combat drug resistance. Each summary provides information on the mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, pharmacology, and clinical use. </p> <p>For instance, certain drugs like enfuvirtide and maraviroc target the entry phase by interfering with viral surface proteins. Th e main groups are the following: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non- Oct 26, 2023 · Antimicrobial drugs can be broadly classified into six main categories: antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals, anthelmintics, and antiseptics. 1). Covers key examples, resistance, and real-world applications. Antiviral Drugs | Home | | Pharmacology | Chapter: Essential pharmacology : Antiviral Drugs Viruses are the ultimate expression of parasitism: they not only take nutrition from the host cell but also direct its metabolic machinery to synthesize new virus particles. This categorization helps researchers and clinicians understand their function and develop targeted therapies for specific viruses. 6 days ago · Understanding antiviral class mechanisms of action is crucial to understanding antiviral drug classification and its effects on viral infection treatment. DRUG CLASSIFICATION According to the treatment protocol antiviral agents are classified as follows: Jun 11, 2022 · Antiviral drugs are a group of drugs which have activities against infections of viral origin such as HIV/AIDS, Covid-19, hepatitis, herpes simplex virus disease etc. Mechanism of action Inhibits mycobacterial arabinosyl transferases an essential component of the mycobacterial cell wall. Different classes of antiretroviral drugs act on different stages of the HIV life cycle. A second way to group drugs is by their dominant mechanism of action. Mar 16, 2021 · This review will address currently used antiviral drugs, mechanism of action and antiviral agents reported against COVID-19. These agents play a crucial role in medicine, public health, and food safety. Antiviral agents must either block viral entry into or exit from the cell or be active inside the host cell. Examples of antivirals for influenza include neuraminidase inhibitors which prevent release and amantadine/rimantadine which inhibit uncoating. 3. Mechanism of action Oseltamivir phosphate is a pro-drug of the active metabolite (oseltamivir carboxylate) which is a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase enzymes, which are glycoproteins found on the virion surface. Nov 10, 2025 · Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs is based on interrupting viral replication while minimizing toxicity to host cells. Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. Valacyclovir provides a high bioavailability of acyclovir, threefold to fivefold Antivirals are the class of medications used to treat viral infections. Introduction to Antiviral Drugs Antiviral drugs are a class of medications specifically designed to treat viral infections by inhibiting the development and replication of viruses. It explains the structure and life cycle of viruses, as well as how antiviral agents operate by inhibiting viral replication and entry into host cells. vmgiwnsabefevwepnxekukrbsphsxsnmzasargfqjfnpeknysjglhccuvamlrdgtdnwizygdhll